Go Web Programming Notes. To Be Updated…

1. 快速开始

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
)

func handler(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
    fmt.Fprintf(writer, "Hello Web, %s!", request.URL.Path[1:])
}

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
    http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

HTTP 请求的 URL 格式:

http://<servername>/<handlername>?<parameters>

2. HttpRouter

相关参考:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)

func Index(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) {
    fmt.Fprint(w, "Welcome!\n")
}

func Hello(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello %s!\n", ps.ByName("name"))

}

func getUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
    uid := ps.ByName("uid")

    fmt.Fprintf(w, "you are get user %s", uid)
}

func modifyUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
    uid := ps.ByName("uid")
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "you are modify user %s", uid)
}

func deleteUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
    uid := ps.ByName("uid")
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "you are delete user %s", uid)
}

func addUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
    uid := ps.ByName("uid")
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "you are add user %s", uid)
}

func main() {
    router := httprouter.New()
    router.GET("/", Index)
    router.GET("/hello/:name", Hello)

    router.GET("/user/:uid", getUser)
    router.POST("/adduser/:uid", addUser)
    router.DELETE("/deluser/:uid", deleteUser)
    router.PUT("/moduser/:uid", modifyUser)

    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router))
}

3. http 包建立 Web 服务器

参见 3.2 Go 搭建一个 Web 服务器 - build-web-application-with-golang | Github

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "strings"
)

func sayHelloName(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    r.ParseForm()

    fmt.Println(r.Form)             // 解析参数,默认是不会解析的
    fmt.Println("path", r.URL.Path) // 在服务器端打印
    fmt.Println("scheme", r.URL.Scheme)
    fmt.Println(r.Form["url_long"])

    for k, v := range r.Form {
        fmt.Println("key:", k)
        fmt.Println("val:", strings.Join(v, ""))
    }

    fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello Abel!") // 写入到 Response 中
}

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", sayHelloName)           // 设置访问的路由
    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)) // 设置监听的端口
}

GET请求:

GET http://localhost:8080?url_long=111&url_long=222 HTTP/1.1

响应:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 02 Sep 2019 10:24:36 GMT
Content-Length: 11
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Connection: close

Hello Abel!

服务端输出:

> go run main.go

map[url_long:[111 222]]
path /
scheme
[111 222]
key: url_long
val: 111222

4. Go 如何使得 Web 工作

4.1 基本概念

先理清几个基本概念:

  • Request:用户请求的信息,用来解析用户的请求信息,包括POSTGETCookieURL等信息
  • Response:服务器需要反馈给客户端的信息
  • Conn:用户每次的请求连接
  • Handler:处理请求和生成返回信息的处理逻辑

下图是 Go 实现 Web 服务的工作模式流程图:

4.2 HTTP 包的执行流程

HTTP 包的执行流程:

  1. 创建Listen Socket监听指定端口,等待客户端请求的到来
  2. Listen Socket接收客户端的请求,得到Client Socket,接下来通过Client Socket与客户端通信
  3. 处理客户端的请求,首先从Client Socket读取 HTTP 请求的协议头,如果是POST方法,还可能要读取客户端提交的数据,然后交给相应的handler处理请求。处理完毕后,handler准备好客户端需要的数据,通过Client Socket写给客户端

对于上述过程,要想了解 Go 是如何让 Web 运行起来的,需要搞清楚以下三点:

  • 如何监听端口
  • 如何接收客户端请求
  • 如何分配 handler

4.3 如何监听端口?

Go Version: 1.12.6

在之前的代码中可以看到,监听端口的实现是在http.ListenAndServe()函数中:

http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

该函数首先会初始化一个Server对象,之后调用该对象的同名方法:

// ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address addr and then calls
// Serve with handler to handle requests on incoming connections.
// Accepted connections are configured to enable TCP keep-alives.
//
// The handler is typically nil, in which case the DefaultServeMux is used.
//
// ListenAndServe always returns a non-nil error.
func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error {
    server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
    return server.ListenAndServe()
}

Server结构体的ListenAndServe()方法又调用了net.Listen("tcp", addr),也就是底层用 TCP 协议搭建了一个服务,开始监听指定的端口:

// ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address srv.Addr and then
// calls Serve to handle requests on incoming connections.
// Accepted connections are configured to enable TCP keep-alives.
//
// If srv.Addr is blank, ":http" is used.
//
// ListenAndServe always returns a non-nil error. After Shutdown or Close,
// the returned error is ErrServerClosed.
func (srv *Server) ListenAndServe() error {
    if srv.shuttingDown() {
        return ErrServerClosed
    }
    addr := srv.Addr
    if addr == "" {
        addr = ":http"
    }
    ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", addr) // 监听指定的端口
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    // 接收并处理客户端的请求
    return srv.Serve(tcpKeepAliveListener{ln.(*net.TCPListener)})
}

4.4 如何接收客户端请求?

监听端口之后,上述代码最后又调用了srv.Serve(tcpKeepAliveListener{ln.(*net.TCPListener)})作为返回值,该函数的作用就是接收并处理客户端的请求信息。该函数的具体实现如下:

// Serve accepts incoming connections on the Listener l, creating a
// new service goroutine for each. The service goroutines read requests and
// then call srv.Handler to reply to them.
//
// HTTP/2 support is only enabled if the Listener returns *tls.Conn
// connections and they were configured with "h2" in the TLS
// Config.NextProtos.
//
// Serve always returns a non-nil error and closes l.
// After Shutdown or Close, the returned error is ErrServerClosed.
func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error {
    // 省略部分代码
    for {
        rw, e := l.Accept() // 1. 接收客户端请求
        if e != nil {
            select {
            case <-srv.getDoneChan():
                return ErrServerClosed
            default:
            }
            if ne, ok := e.(net.Error); ok && ne.Temporary() {
                if tempDelay == 0 {
                    tempDelay = 5 * time.Millisecond
                } else {
                    tempDelay *= 2
                }
                if max := 1 * time.Second; tempDelay > max {
                    tempDelay = max
                }
                srv.logf("http: Accept error: %v; retrying in %v", e, tempDelay)
                time.Sleep(tempDelay)
                continue
            }
            return e
        }
        tempDelay = 0
        c := srv.newConn(rw) // 2. 创建一个新的 Conn
        c.setState(c.rwc, StateNew) // before Serve can return
        go c.serve(ctx)      // 3. 为每个连接单独开一个 goroutine
    }
}

省略部分代码,重点关注其中的for{}循环:

  1. l.Accept()接收请求,并处理可能出现的错误
  2. srv.newConn(rw)创建一个新的连接Conn
  3. go c.serve(ctx)为新连接单独开一个goroutine,把请求的数据当作参数扔给这个Conn去服务

4.5 如何分配 handler?

那么如何具体分配到相应的函数来处理请求呢?可以看到,在上面的代码中,最后实际调用go c.serve(ctx)处理请求,该函数的实现代码较长,仅截取重要语句如下:

// Serve a new connection.
func (c *conn) serve(ctx context.Context) {
    // 省略部分代码
    for {
        // 1. 解析请求,获取 ResponseWriter 及 Request
        w, err := c.readRequest(ctx) 

        // 省略部分代码

        // HTTP cannot have multiple simultaneous active requests.[*]
        // Until the server replies to this request, it can't read another,
        // so we might as well run the handler in this goroutine.
        // [*] Not strictly true: HTTP pipelining. We could let them all process
        // in parallel even if their responses need to be serialized.
        // But we're not going to implement HTTP pipelining because it
        // was never deployed in the wild and the answer is HTTP/2.

        // 2. 进一步处理请求
        serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req) 
    }
    // 省略部分代码
}
  1. c.readRequest(ctx)解析请求,获取对应的ResponseWriterRequest
  2. serverHandler.ServeHTTP(w, w.req):进一步处理请求

结构体serverHandlerServeHTTP()方法具体实现如下:

func (sh serverHandler) ServeHTTP(rw ResponseWriter, req *Request) {
    // 1. 获取 Server 对应的 Handler
    handler := sh.srv.Handler

    // 2. 若对应的 Handler 为 nil,则使用 DefaultServeMux
    if handler == nil {
        handler = DefaultServeMux
    }
    if req.RequestURI == "*" && req.Method == "OPTIONS" {
        handler = globalOptionsHandler{}
    }

    // 3. 调用相应的函数处理请求
    handler.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
}

首先通过handler := sh.srv.Handler获取对应的Handler,也就是最开始调用ListenAndServe()时传入的第二个参数。实际上Handler是一个接口类型,只定义了一个方法ServeHTTP()

type Handler interface {
    ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request)
}

例如之前传入的参数是nil,就会使用默认的DefaultServeMux。该变量是一个路由器(或者说,HTTP 请求多路复用器),用来匹配 URL 并跳转到其相应的 handle 函数,它在 Go 源码的server.go中定义:

// ServeMux is an HTTP request multiplexer.
// It matches the URL of each incoming request against a list of registered
// patterns and calls the handler for the pattern that
// most closely matches the URL.
//
// Patterns name fixed, rooted paths, like "/favicon.ico",
// or rooted subtrees, like "/images/" (note the trailing slash).
// Longer patterns take precedence over shorter ones, so that
// if there are handlers registered for both "/images/"
// and "/images/thumbnails/", the latter handler will be
// called for paths beginning "/images/thumbnails/" and the
// former will receive requests for any other paths in the
// "/images/" subtree.
//
// Note that since a pattern ending in a slash names a rooted subtree,
// the pattern "/" matches all paths not matched by other registered
// patterns, not just the URL with Path == "/".
//
// If a subtree has been registered and a request is received naming the
// subtree root without its trailing slash, ServeMux redirects that
// request to the subtree root (adding the trailing slash). This behavior can
// be overridden with a separate registration for the path without
// the trailing slash. For example, registering "/images/" causes ServeMux
// to redirect a request for "/images" to "/images/", unless "/images" has
// been registered separately.
//
// Patterns may optionally begin with a host name, restricting matches to
// URLs on that host only. Host-specific patterns take precedence over
// general patterns, so that a handler might register for the two patterns
// "/codesearch" and "codesearch.google.com/" without also taking over
// requests for "http://www.google.com/".
//
// ServeMux also takes care of sanitizing the URL request path and the Host
// header, stripping the port number and redirecting any request containing . or
// .. elements or repeated slashes to an equivalent, cleaner URL.
type ServeMux struct {
    mu    sync.RWMutex
    m     map[string]muxEntry
    es    []muxEntry // slice of entries sorted from longest to shortest.
    hosts bool       // whether any patterns contain hostnames
}

type muxEntry struct {
    h       Handler
    pattern string
}

// NewServeMux allocates and returns a new ServeMux.
func NewServeMux() *ServeMux { return new(ServeMux) }

// DefaultServeMux is the default ServeMux used by Serve.
var DefaultServeMux = &defaultServeMux

var defaultServeMux ServeMux

最开始在main()函数中调用http.HandleFunc("/", sayHelloName)时,就注册了请求/的路由规则

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", sayHelloName)           // 设置访问的路由
    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)) // 设置监听的端口
}

// HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern
// in the DefaultServeMux.
// The documentation for ServeMux explains how patterns are matched.
func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
    DefaultServeMux.HandleFunc(pattern, handler)
}

这样一来当请求的 URI 为/时,路由就会跳转到/对应的Handler,也就是sayHelloName()本身,最后把结果写入 Response 并反馈给客户端

4.6 HTTP 连接的处理流程

一个 HTTP 连接的处理流程示意图如下:

5. Go 的 http 包详解

参见 3.4 Go 的 http 包详解 - build-web-application-with-golang | Github

Go 的http包有两个核心功能:ConnServeMux

5.1 Conn 的 goroutine

与其他一些语言编写的 HTTP 服务器不同,Go 为了实现高并发和高性能,使用了goroutine来处理Conn的读写事件,这样每个请求都能保持独立,相互不会阻塞,可以高效的响应网络事件,这是 Go 高效的保证。

Go 在等待客户端请求的Serve()函数里是这样写的:

func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error {
    // 省略部分代码
    for {
        rw, e := l.Accept()

        // 省略错误处理

        c := srv.newConn(rw)
        c.setState(c.rwc, StateNew) // before Serve can return
        go c.serve(ctx)
    }
}

可以看到客户端的每次请求都会创建一个Conn,函数newConn()server.go中的实现如下:

// Create new connection from rwc.
func (srv *Server) newConn(rwc net.Conn) *conn {
    c := &conn{
        server: srv,
        rwc:    rwc,
    }
    if debugServerConnections {
        c.rwc = newLoggingConn("server", c.rwc)
    }
    return c
}

可以看到Conn实际上在net包中定义,是一个接口类型,在net.go中的定义如下:

// Conn is a generic stream-oriented network connection.
//
// Multiple goroutines may invoke methods on a Conn simultaneously.
type Conn interface {
    Read(b []byte) (n int, err error)
    Write(b []byte) (n int, err error)
    Close() error

    LocalAddr() Addr
    RemoteAddr() Addr

    SetDeadline(t time.Time) error
    SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error
    SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error
}

客户端的每次请求都会创建一个Conn,这个Conn里面保存了该次请求的信息,然后再传递到对应的handler,该handler中便可以读取到相应的 Header 信息,这样就保证了每个请求的独立性

5.2 ServeMux 的自定义

之前调用http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)时,实际上内部时调用了http包默认的路由器DefaultServeMux,通过路由器把本次请求的信息传递到了后端的处理函数,它是一个ServeMux类型的变量:

// DefaultServeMux is the default ServeMux used by Serve.
var DefaultServeMux = &defaultServeMux

var defaultServeMux ServeMux

结构体ServeMux就是 Go 中的路由器,它在server.go中的定义如下:

type ServeMux struct {
    // 锁,由于请求涉及到并发处理,因此这里需要一个锁机制
    mu    sync.RWMutex
    // 路由规则,一个路由表达式 string 对应一个 muxEntry 实体
    m     map[string]muxEntry
    es    []muxEntry // slice of entries sorted from longest to shortest.
    // 是否在任意的规则中带有 host 信息
    hosts bool       // whether any patterns contain hostnames
}

type muxEntry struct {
    h       Handler // 路由表达式对应哪个 handler
    pattern string  // 路径匹配字符串
}

type Handler interface {
    ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request) // 路由实现器
}

Handler是一个接口,但是之前示例代码中的sayHelloName()函数并没有实现ServeHTTP()这个方法,为什么能作为 Handler 添加到路由器中呢?

这是因为在http包中还定义了一个类型HandlerFunc,回顾一下之前设置访问路由的语句:

http.HandleFunc("/", sayHelloName)

这里我们调用了HandleFunc()sayHelloName()设置为"/"路由对应的Handler,而HandleFunc()实际进行的操作如下:

// HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern.
func (mux *ServeMux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
    if handler == nil {
        panic("http: nil handler")
    }
    mux.Handle(pattern, HandlerFunc(handler))
}

可以看到这里将handler转换为了HandlerFunc,而它默认实现了ServeHTTP()方法,即我们调用了HandlerFunc(f),将f强制类型转换为HandlerFunc类型,这样f就拥有了ServeHTTP()方法:

这也是适配器模式在 Go 中的应用

// The HandlerFunc type is an adapter to allow the use of
// ordinary functions as HTTP handlers. If f is a function
// with the appropriate signature, HandlerFunc(f) is a
// Handler that calls f.
type HandlerFunc func(ResponseWriter, *Request)

// ServeHTTP calls f(w, r).
func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
    f(w, r)
}

路由器里存储好了相应的路由规则,那么具体的请求又是怎样分发的呢?实际上,默认的路由器ServeMux实现了ServeHTTP()方法:

// ServeHTTP dispatches the request to the handler whose
// pattern most closely matches the request URL.
func (mux *ServeMux) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
    if r.RequestURI == "*" {
        if r.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) {
            w.Header().Set("Connection", "close")
        }
        w.WriteHeader(StatusBadRequest)
        return
    }
    h, _ := mux.Handler(r)
    h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

如上所示,路由器接收到请求之后,如果是*则关闭连接,否则会调用mux.Handler(r)返回对应设置路由的处理 handler,然后执行h.ServeHTTP(w, r),也就是调用对应路由的 handler 的ServeHTTP接口。

继续来看mux.Handler(r)是如何处理的:

func (mux *ServeMux) Handler(r *Request) (h Handler, pattern string) {

    // CONNECT requests are not canonicalized.
    if r.Method == "CONNECT" {
        // If r.URL.Path is /tree and its handler is not registered,
        // the /tree -> /tree/ redirect applies to CONNECT requests
        // but the path canonicalization does not.
        if u, ok := mux.redirectToPathSlash(r.URL.Host, r.URL.Path, r.URL); ok {
            return RedirectHandler(u.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), u.Path
        }

        return mux.handler(r.Host, r.URL.Path)
    }

    // 省略部分代码

    return mux.handler(host, r.URL.Path)
}

// handler is the main implementation of Handler.
// The path is known to be in canonical form, except for CONNECT methods.
func (mux *ServeMux) handler(host, path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
    mux.mu.RLock()
    defer mux.mu.RUnlock()

    // Host-specific pattern takes precedence over generic ones
    if mux.hosts {
        h, pattern = mux.match(host + path)
    }
    if h == nil {
        h, pattern = mux.match(path)
    }
    if h == nil {
        h, pattern = NotFoundHandler(), ""
    }
    return
}

可以看到在mux.handler()中是调用mux.match()进行匹配的,函数定义如下:

// Find a handler on a handler map given a path string.
// Most-specific (longest) pattern wins.
func (mux *ServeMux) match(path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
    // Check for exact match first.
    v, ok := mux.m[path]
    if ok {
        return v.h, v.pattern
    }

    // Check for longest valid match.  mux.es contains all patterns
    // that end in / sorted from longest to shortest.
    for _, e := range mux.es {
        if strings.HasPrefix(path, e.pattern) {
            return e.h, e.pattern
        }
    }
    return nil, ""
}

这样一来就清楚了,在match()方法中,会根据mux.m[path]获取请求路径对应的muxEntry,返回muxEntry中保存的Handler以及pattern字符串,最后调用HandlerServeHTTP()方法就可以执行相应的函数了。

5.3 外部实现自定义路由

通过上面的介绍,我们大致了解了 Go 的整个路由过程。除了默认路由器DefaultServeMux,Go 同时也支持外部实现的路由器

http.ListenAndServe()方法的第二个参数就是用来配置外部路由器的,它是一个Handler接口,即外部路由器只要实现了Handler接口的ServeHTTP()方法,就可以在自己实现的路由器的ServeHTTP()实现自定义路由功能

如下所示,实现一个简单的外部路由器MyMux

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
)

type MyMux struct {
}

func (p *MyMux) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    if r.URL.Path == "/" {
        sayHelloName(w, r)
        return
    }
    http.NotFound(w, r)
    return
}

func sayHelloName(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello My Router!")
}

func main() {
    mux := &MyMux{}
    http.ListenAndServe(":8080", mux)
}

请求报文:

GET http://localhost:8080 HTTP/1.1

响应报文:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 03 Sep 2019 02:57:42 GMT
Content-Length: 16
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Connection: close

Hello My Router!

5.4 Go 代码的执行流程

Go Version: 1.12.6

分析完http包后,现在梳理一下代码的执行过程。例如下面这段代码:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
)

func index(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello %s!\n", r.URL.Path[1:])
}

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", index)
    http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

首先调用http.HandleFunc()

http.HandleFunc("/", index)
 └─ DefaultServeMux.HandleFunc(pattern, handler)  // 若 handler 为 nil,则触发 panic
     └─ mux.Handle(pattern, HandlerFunc(handler)) // 注册路由
  1. 调用DefaultServeMux.HandleFunc()
  2. 调用DefaultServeMux.Handle()注册请求路径所对应的 handler
  3. DefaultServeMuxmap[string]muxEntry增加对应的 handler 和路由规则

之后调用http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
 ├─ server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
 └─ server.ListenAndServe()
     ├─ net.Listen("tcp", addr)
     └─ srv.Serve(tcpKeepAliveListener{ln.(*net.TCPListener)})
         ├─ l.Accept()
         ├─ c := srv.newConn(rw)
         └─ go c.serve(ctx)
             ├─ w, err := c.readRequest(ctx)
             └─ serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)
                 ├─ handler := sh.srv.Handler // nil 则为 DefaultServeMux
                 └─ handler.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
                     ├─ h, _ := mux.Handler(r)
                     └─ h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
  1. 实例化Server
  2. 调用server.ListenAndServe()
  3. 调用net.Listen("tcp", addr)监听端口,即Listen
  4. 调用srv.Serve()处理请求,即Serve
  5. Serve()中启动一个 for 循环,在循环中调用Accept()接收请求
  6. 为每个请求实例化一个Conn,开启一个 goroutine 并调用go c.serve(ctx)为这个请求进行服务
  7. 调用c.readRequest(ctx)读取每个请求内容
  8. 判断 handler 是否为空,如果为nil则设为DefaultServeMux
  9. 调用handler.ServeHTTP(rw, req),上面的例子中就进入到DefaultServeMux.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
  10. 根据 Request 选择 handler,并进入到这个 handler 的ServeHTTP()

选择 handler:

  • 循环遍历ServeMuxmuxEntry,判断是否有路由能满足这个 Request
  • 如果有路由满足,则调用这个路由 handler 的ServeHTTP()
  • 如果没有路由满足,则调用NotFoundHandlerServeHTTP()

6. 表单

6.1 处理表单的输入

例如下面的表单login.gtpl

<html>

<head>
    <title></title>
</head>

<body>
    <form action="/login" method="post">
        用户名:<input type="text" name="username">
        密码:<input type="password" name="password">
        <input type="submit" value="登录">
    </form>
</body>

</html>

处理表单:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "html/template"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "strings"
)

func sayHelloName(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    r.ParseForm() // 解析 URL 传递的参数,对于 POST 则解析 Request Body

    // 注意:如果没有调用 ParseForm 方法,下面无法获取表单的数据
    log.Println("Inside sayHelloName")
    fmt.Printf("Form:\t%v\n", r.Form)
    fmt.Printf("path:\t%s\n", r.URL.Path)
    fmt.Printf("scheme:\t%s\n", r.URL.Scheme)
    fmt.Println(r.Form["url_long"])
    for k, v := range r.Form {
        fmt.Println("key:", k)
        fmt.Println("val:", strings.Join(v, ""))
    }
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello abel!\n")
}

func login(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    fmt.Println("method:", r.Method) // 获取请求的方法
    if r.Method == "GET" {
        t, _ := template.ParseFiles("login.gtpl")
        log.Println(t.Execute(w, nil))
    } else {
        // 请求的是登录数据,那么执行登录的逻辑判断
        r.ParseForm()
        fmt.Println("username:", r.Form["username"])
        fmt.Println("password:", r.Form["password"])
    }
}

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", sayHelloName)
    http.HandleFunc("/login", login)
    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

request.Form是一个url.Values类型,里面存储了key=value的信息:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "net/url"
)

func main() {
    v := url.Values{}
    v.Set("name", "abel")
    v.Add("friend", "arjen")
    v.Add("friend", "frank")

    fmt.Println(v.Encode())
    fmt.Println(v.Get("name"))
    fmt.Println(v.Get("friend"))
    fmt.Println(v["friend"])
}

------
friend=arjen&friend=frank&name=abel
abel
arjen
[arjen frank]

7. 访问数据库

8. Session 和数据存储

9. 文本文件处理

9.1 XML 处理

参考资料

文章教程

  1. Go Web Programming - sausheong | Github
  2. 08.3. REST - Go Web 编程 | Learnku
  3. httprouter - julienschmidt | Github
  4. build-web-application-with-golang - astaxie | Github
  5. Golang: Building a Basic Web Server in Go | Ruan Bekker’s Blog
  6. project-layout - Standard Go Project Layout | Github
  7. Go Developer Roadmap - Go 开发者路线图 | Github
  8. 明白了,原来 Go Web 框架中的中间件都是这样实现的 | 鸟窝
  9. Go 语言的修饰器编程 | 酷壳 CoolShell
  10. 教程:使用 go 的 gin 和 gorm 框架来构建 RESTful API 微服务 | LearnKu
  11. Build RESTful API service in golang using gin-gonic framework | Medium

RESTful

Mock API

RPC

数据加密

Go Web 框架

  1. 6 款最棒的 Go 语言 Web 框架简介 | Go 语言中文网

Vue + Element

  1. vue-element-admin | A magical vue admin
  2. vue-element-admin - PanJiaChen | Github
  3. electron-vue-admin - PanJiaChen | Github
  4. vue-admin-template - PanJiaChen | Github
  5. element - A Vue.js 2.0 UI Toolkit for Web | Github
  6. element-starter - ElementUI | Github
  7. Element 开发指南

Go + Vue

  1. Go + Vue.js 开发 Web 应用 | 起风了
  2. 使用 Golang 的 Gin 框架和 vue 编写 web 应用 | Go 语言中文网
  3. Go Vue Template - tdewolff | Github
  4. GoNews - 基于 go+vue 实现的 golang 每日新闻可视化浏览检索平台 | Github
  5. go-vue-example - Example App using Go, Vue.js, Element, Axios | Github

Electron

  1. go-astilelectron - Build cross platform GUI apps with GO and HTML/JS/CSS (powered by Electron) | Github

Koa

  1. Koa - 基于 Node.js 平台的下一代 web 开发框架
  2. Koa2 进阶学习笔记 | Gitbook
  3. Koa 框架教程 | 阮一峰

Express

  1. Express | Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework for Node.js

其他

  1. 「分分钟上手 VS Code」打造 Go 开发环境 | 艾逗笔
  2. 连载文章 | 团子的小窝
  3. Creating a native macOS app on Golang and React.js with full code protection | TrueWebArtisans